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Musical Modulation: Examples of Near vs Remote Keys

  • The key of D major is “remote” from keys on the other side of the Circle of Fifths, such as the keys of A♭ major, F minor, E♭ major, C minor, C♯ major, and B♭ minor.
  • The key of D major is “moderately” related to keys such as F major and D minor. (Even though the keys D major and D minor share the same tonic note, they use significantly different scales, so they’re only “moderately” related).
Circle of Fifths of key signatures and key relations for near and remote modulation.

FIGURE 101: Heinichen’s Circle of Fifths

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